Graphene

Chemical type

• Solid carbon allotrope
• Two-dimensional single atomic layer of sp²-hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice

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• Carbon allotrope

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Key properties

• Thickness of approximately 0.34 nm with C-C bonds of 0.142 nm
• Density: 2.25 g/cm³
• Electrical conductivity: 10⁵–10⁶ S/cm
• Tensile strength: ~130 GPa
• Young’s modulus: 1000 GPa
• Surface area: 2600–2630 m²/g
• High chemical stability
• Exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity
• High carrier mobility
• Approximate market price: 100–5000 USD/kg

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• High mechanical strength
• High electrical and thermal conductivity
• Chemical inertness
• Optical transparency
• Free-standing, substrate-free synthesis
• Tunable layer number, defect density, and sheet size

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• Electronics (e.g., transparent electrodes, flexible devices)
• Energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries)
• Sensors and photodetectors
• Photovoltaics
• Adsorption and catalysis
• Biomedical applications (e.g., biomedicine, drug delivery)
• EMI shielding
• Composites for structural reinforcement

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• Catalysts
• Energy storage systems (fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, Zn-air batteries, solar cells)
• Sensors
• Composite materials

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Classification by use

• Materials used in electronics and optoelectronics
• Materials used in energy storage and conversion
• Materials used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications
• Materials used in adsorption and catalysis
• Materials used in advanced composites

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• Materials for energy storage and conversion
• Catalytic materials
• Sensor materials

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1. [1] A comprehensive review on the conversion of CO2 into solid carbon materials, Carbon Capture Science & Technology, Volume 18, March 2026, 100547
2. [2] Microwave Plasma-Driven Synthesis of Graphene and N-Graphene at a Gram Scale, Processes, 2025, 13(1), 196